One lesson is clear from the reports of the several committees attached as appendices. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. Second are the infectious diseases, and third is cancer. In the future we must pay increased attention to discovering this knowledge for ourselves particularly since the scientific applications of the future will be more than ever dependent upon such basic knowledge. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). Phone: +44 1993 814500 One of the peculiarities of basic science is the variety of paths which lead to productive advance. These uncertainties are also attributable to the existence of certain abuses, which have appeared in the use of patents. In the nineteenth century, Yankee mechanical ingenuity, building largely upon the basic discoveries of European scientists, could greatly advance the technical arts. China Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. They are founded on new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science. These responsibilities are the proper concern of the government, for they vitally affect health . Stay connected for new books and special offers. The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. They must attract our best scientists as teachers and investigators. It creates the fund from which the practical applications of knowledge must be drawn. A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. . The material still subject to security classification should be released as soon as possible. Security Restrictions Should Be Lifted Promptly. doi: 10.17226/25990. There should be no obligation on the research institution to patent discoveries made as a result of support from the Foundation. In planning the release of scientific data and experience collected in connection with the war, we must not overlook the fact that research has gone forward under many auspices -- the Army, the Navy, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, other departments and agencies of the Government, educational institutions, and many industrial organizations. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. 3. The Armed Services cannot be expected to be experts in all of the complicated fields which make it possible for a great nation to fight successfully in total war. Discoveries pertinent to medical progress have often come from remote and unexpected sources, and it is certain that this will be true in the future. There is, however, a very real need for some measure of coordination of the common scientific activities of these agencies, both as to policies and budgets, and at present no such means exist. BERNHARD RUST (1883 - 1945) Nazi Minister of Science, Education and National Culture. Budget. * * * There is never enough ability at high levels to satisfy all the needs of the nation; we would not seek to draw into science any more of it than science's proportionate share.". There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. Industry learned many years ago that basic research cannot often be fruitfully conducted as an adjunct to or a subdivision of an operating agency or department. There must be a stream of new scientific knowledge to turn the wheels of private and public enterprise. We all know how much the new drug, penicillin, has meant to our grievously wounded men on the grim battlefronts of this war -- the countless lives it has saved -- the incalculable suffering which its use has prevented. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. Functions. This is, largely, the product of three factors -- the free play of initiative of a vigorous people under democracy, the heritage of great national wealth, and the advance of science and its application. At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. of disruptive papers and patents suggests that science and technology do not appear to have reached the end of the 'endless frontier; The Federal Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the creation of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in our youth. By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. Moreover, they should see that those who study overseas have the benefit of the latest scientific developments. Some research on military problems should be conducted, in time of peace as well as in war, by civilians independently of the military establishment. . Office of Scientific Research and Development; Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Publication date 1960 Topics Science and state -- United States, Research -- United States Publisher Washington, National Science Foundation Collection The legislation puts technology commercialization on an equal footing with scientific research in America's national innovation system by creating a new technology directorate at the National Science Foundation. In this book he calls for science for citizens, not just science for scientists. How to cite this article: . Vannevar Bushs Science, the Endless Frontier remains the touchstone for understanding how Americans regard basic research, why they pay for it, and what benefits they expect. More Filters. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products. 4 Citations. Phone: +1 609 258 4900 Periodic review of the quality of research being conducted under the auspices of the particular Division and revision of the program of support of research. United Kingdom This has always been true and is likely to remain so. The Members should serve without compensation but should be entitled to their expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. During the war it has been necessary for selected groups of scientists to work on specialized problems, with relatively little information as to what other groups were doing and had done. The procedures currently followed within the Government for recruiting, classifying and compensating such personnel place the Government under a severe handicap in competing with industry and the universities for first-class scientific talent. THE WAR AGAINST DISEASE I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. . New Responsibilities for Government. Each year 125,000 new mental cases are hospitalized. 4. A second offers that basic research discoveries will be converted via technology transfer to become powerful drivers of technological innovation. Government Relations to Science -- Past and Future. It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this nation. More and better scientific research is essential to the achievement of our goal of full employment. Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. The influence of Science The Endless Frontier stems largely from its timing, coming at the tail end of a war in which science-based technology had been crucial. There are certain basic principles which must underlie the program of Government support for scientific research and education if such support is to be effective and if it is to avoid impairing the very things we seek to foster. This proposal is certainly worthy of further study. Download Citation. Purposes. We think as we think because we are not interested in setting up an elect. VI. "David Kaiser, author of Quantum Legacies: Dispatches from an Uncertain World, "Rush Holt introduces Science, the Endless Frontier to a whole new audience, and shows us why we all should be reading Vannevar Bushs landmark report. His document serves as a prescient reminder as the United States faces the challenges of a new century. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. To support international cooperation in science by providing financial aid for international meetings, associations of scientific societies, and scientific research programs organized on an international basis. Statistically it is certain that important and highly useful discoveries will result from some fraction of the undertakings in basic science; but the results of any one particular investigation cannot be predicted with accuracy. We have been directing the energies of our scientists to the development of weapons and materials and methods, on a large number of relatively narrow projects initiated and controlled by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. 1 Citations. Read full-text. Anything short of this means serious waste of higher education and neglect of human resources. Discovery of new therapeutic agents and methods usually results from basic studies in medicine and the underlying sciences. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. July 1945. At the heart of the challenges is the adsorption of foreign gas atoms or molecules on the sample surface. Thus, in addition to the general benefits to the nation by reason of the addition to its trained ranks of such a corps of scientific workers, there would be a definite benefit to the nation in having these scientific workers on call in national emergencies. Moreover, since health, well-being, and security are proper concerns of Government, scientific progress is, and must be, of vital interest to Government. In the case of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, arrangements have been made for the preparation of manuscripts, while the staffs under our control are still assembled and in possession of the records, as soon as the pressure for production of results for this war has begun to relax. Author. It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. - It should be the function of this Division to support and to supervise the grant of scholarships and fellowships in science. Nature, 466(7309), 922-923. o Gibson . The following very rough estimates are given for the first year of operation after the Foundation is organized and operating, and for the fifth year of operation when it is expected that the operations would have reached a fairly stable level: The National Research Foundation herein proposed meets the urgent need of the days ahead. 6. This board should be composed of disinterested scientists who have no connection with the affairs of any Government agency. There are areas of science in which the public interest is acute but which are likely to be cultivated inadequately if left without more support than will come from private sources. But to achieve these objectives -- to secure a high level of employment, to maintain a position of world leadership -- the flow of new scientific knowledge must be both continuous and substantial. Where clinical investigations of the human body are required, the medical schools are in a unique position, because of their close relationship to teaching hospitals, to integrate such investigations with the work of the departments of preclinical science, and to impart new knowledge to physicians in training. It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. The "Endless Frontier Act" would authorize over $100 billion for research into key technology like artificial intelligence, machine learning, supercomputing, semiconductors, robotics, and the like. Fortunately, this country had the scientists -- and the time -- to make this contribution and thus to advance the date of victory. Two of those limitations are especially worthy of our attention. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. E-Book Overview. SPEDIZIONE GRATUITA su ordini idonei They will be of aid in furnishing detailed suggestions. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. February 9-17-24, 2021 L . More elaborate and expensive equipment is required, supplies are more costly, and the wages of assistants are higher. He understands what the place of science in our democratic society has beenand what it should be. What we often forget are the millions of pay envelopes on a peacetime Saturday night which are filled because new products and new industries have provided jobs for countless Americans. The public interest will normally be adequately protected if the Government receives a royalty-free license for governmental purposes under any patents resulting from work financed by the Foundation. "Audra J. Wolfe, author of Freedom's Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul Of Science, "Science, the Endless Frontier is a consequential statement of principles that has been repeatedly invoked as a kind of biblical text in the political wars over federal policy for scientific research and training. Those ready for college training in the sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training. Government initiative, support, and coordination can be very effective in this development phase. Scientific Progress Is Essential. "Alondra Nelson, president of the Social Science Research Council, "Rush Holts essay on Science, the Endless Frontier celebrates science discovery and the democratization of science. The primary place for medical research is in the medical schools and universities. It is essential that both kinds of research go forward and that there be the closest liaison between the two groups. Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. Whereas in 1930 they were six times as large as the research expenditures of the colleges, universities, and research institutes, by 1940 they were nearly ten times as large. This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up. the science: the endless frontiers report consists of six parts, which are: part one-introduction, includes scientific progress is essential; part two - the war on disease; part thre -science and the public welfare; part four-renewal of our scientific talent; part five-a problem of scientific reconversion; part six-the means to the end. Directions. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nations health, security, and prosperity. The bitter and dangerous battle against the U-boat was a battle of scientific techniques -- and our margin of success was dangerously small. The development moved from the early laboratory stage to large scale production and use in a fraction of the time it would have taken without such leadership. The Government has only begun to utilize science in the nation's welfare. Here is a tremendous waste of the greatest resource of a nation -- the intelligence of its citizens. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. . Since research does not fall within the category of normal commercial or procurement operations which are easily covered by the usual contractual relations, it is essential that certain statutory and regulatory fiscal requirements be waived in the case of research contractors. CHAPTER 5. "Speaker Nancy Pelosi, "Vannevar Bushs prescient report launched the modern scientific enterprise, spurred by generous government investment. Policy for the Endless Frontier: "Origins and Ambitions of the CHIPS and Science Act". More Filters. SCIENCE, THE ENDLESS FRONTIER AT 75. . The Foundation here proposed has been described only in outline. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. In some cases coordinated direct attack on special problems may be made by teams of investigators, supplementing similar attacks carried on by the Army, Navy, Public Health Service, and other organizations. Hoorah for Holt, for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue. Scientific progress. Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry. "Kei Koizumi, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "With Science, the Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush envisioned the cloistered infrastructure for US science research that has prevailed for nearly eighty years. Meanwhile, research costs have steadily risen. In general we have held these principles well in balance. The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform. Nature of the Problem. The Army and Navy should continue to carry on research and development on the improvement of current weapons. research is the exploration of the unknown and is necessarily speculative. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. Expenditures for research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes will otherwise not be able to meet the additional demands of increased public need for research. Where will these new products come from? Close Dialog Download book. In providing government support, however, we must endeavor to preserve as far as possible the private support of research both in industry and in the colleges, universities, and research institutes. Increasing specialization of science will make it more important than ever that scientists in this country keep continually ahead of developments abroad. In the decade from 1930 to 1940 expenditures for industrial research increased from $116,000,000 to $240,000,000 and those for scientific research in Government rose from $24,000,000 to $69,000,000. The time has come when such support should be extended to other fields. History. But nowhere in the Governmental structure receiving its funds from Congress is there an agency adapted to supplementing the support of basic research in the universities, both in medicine and the natural sciences; adapted to supporting research on new weapons for both Services; or adapted to administering a program of science scholarships and fellowships. b/w, a candid image of Rust addressing an outdoor crowd, boldly signed. BOOK. United States Alert. The answer is clear. At the outset these Divisions should be: 2. While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. The "spatial turn" in literary studies is transforming the way we think of the field. We have no national policy for science. science is an endless frontier, where there are always new phenomena to be discovered, and major new questions to be answered. Directions, Princeton Asia (Beijing) Consulting Co., Ltd. Such impetus can come promptly only from the Government. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. Government scientific agencies have splendid records of achievement, but they are limited in function. The form of the organization suggested is the result of considerable deliberation. Placing the civilian military research function in the proposed agency would bring it into close relationship with a broad program of basic research in both the natural sciences and medicine. Has PDF. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. The Endless Frontier Act provides $100 billion over 10 years for the research, development, and commercialization of these technologies. The abuses should be corrected. Princeton, New Jersey 08540 with a new quantitative metric the CD index12 that characterizes how papers and patents change networks of citations in science and technology. (5) While assuring complete independence and freedom for the nature, scope, and methodology of research carried on in the institutions receiving public funds, and while retaining discretion in the allocation of funds among such institutions, the Foundation proposed herein must be responsible to the President and the Congress. Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. Among the young men and women qualified to take up scientific work, since 1940 there have been few students over 18, except some in medicine and engineering in Army and Navy programs and a few 4-F's, who have followed an integrated scientific course of studies. International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. In this country the increase has been accompanied by more abundant food supply, better living, more leisure, longer life, and better health. To review and balance the financial requirements of the several Divisions and to propose to the President the annual estimate for the funds required by each Division. The chairman of each Division should be appointed by the Members of the Foundation. Although there are some notable exceptions, most research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature. This is the American way: a man works for what he gets.". It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. New manufacturing industries can be started and many older industries greatly strengthened and expanded if we continue to study nature's laws and apply new knowledge to practical purposes. These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamental laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. The Resource Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. "Robbert Dijkgraaf, director of the Institute for Advanced Study, "Rush Holt gives new life to Vannevar Bushs seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier by emphasizing its continued relevance to American science policy and raising issues that need reexaminationin particular, the relationship between the scientific enterprise and civil society. III. The development of such materials and methods to the point at which they become available to medical practitioners requires teamwork involving the medical schools, the science departments of universities, Government and the pharmaceutical industry. To establish and maintain such offices within the United States, its territories and possessions, as they may deem necessary. The interdisciplinary and global approach provides a thorough introduction and includes . A part of the information now classified which should be released is possessed jointly by our allies and ourselves. The obligation of Government to support research on military problems is inescapable. After a program is under way perhaps 20 million dollars a year can be spent effectively. In a compelling essay, Rush Holt helps us understand the broader context in which Bush prepared his now-famous report, and offers important insights into new considerations that should inform our discussions about science policy today. To serve effectively as the centers of basic research these institutions must be strong and healthy. In achieving these results, the Government has provided over-all coordination and support; it has not dictated how the work should be done within any cooperating institution. In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. INTRODUCTION Science--the endless frontier : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research, by Vannevar Bush ; introd. Written by Vannevar Bush, president of the Carnegie Institution of . "Here, the draw is not so much the text of Bushs report itself, but rather an excellent critical introduction by Rush Holt. To formulate over-all policies of the Foundation. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. Author (s) Praise 18. IV. Callon, M. 1986. Since research is unlike the procurement of standardized items, which are susceptible to competitive bidding on fixed specifications, the legislation creating the National Research Foundation should free the Foundation from the obligation to place its contracts for research through advertising for bids. Several committees attached as appendices in outline its citizens one of the deficit in scientific personnel by. 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